In partnership with the MOSAIC MENA. Funded by Oxfam under the ‘Masarouna’ Fund

This project is a collaborative and interdisciplinary book project that delves into the lived experiences and understandings of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) among refugees in Lebanon through a gendered lens. By providing a platform for refugee participants to share their stories, voices, and visual expressions, the project highlights the intersectional challenges they face in navigating SRHR within their cultural and displacement contexts. Through this effort, the book bridges the gap between academic discourse and the personal narratives of those most affected by displacement and marginalization, allowing participants to frame their experiences in their own words and expressions.

The project will culminate in a participatory artistic book combining written stories and visual art pieces created during a series of workshops. These workshops will serve as both a safe space for creative expression and a therapeutic outlet for participants, fostering empowerment while capturing their multidimensional realities. The book will explore how gender shapes the understanding and experience of SRHR among refugees, focusing on the intersectionality of gender, displacement, and cultural influences.

Beyond its creative and narrative aspects, the project aims to amplify the voices of refugee communities that are often marginalized in SRHR discussions. It seeks to enhance understanding of SRHR challenges in displacement settings, offering firsthand insights that will serve as a resource for academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

In partnership with the Department of Politics and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities at Aalborg University Campus Copenhagen. Funded by the European Research Council

The CONFINED project investigates the intersecting dimensions of confinement and everyday family lives across Denmark and Lebanon, focusing on Palestinian communities. Exploring sites of confinement such as camps, ghettos, and prisons, the project examines how individuals navigate the restrictions imposed by kinship relations, informal economies, and the encroachments of formal institutions such as welfare and penal systems. Emphasizing the intersectional effects of gender and generation, the study highlights the complexities of confined lives and their transnational dynamics. As part of a broader comparative framework, the project situates Denmark and Lebanon within a global analysis of confinement across urban marginality, displacement, and incarceration, also drawing on cases in Myanmar-Thailand, Malawi-South Africa, and UK-Sierra Leone. Family relationships and cross-border mobility provide a lens to understand the unequal distribution of confinement as both a restriction of freedom and a form of protection.

In partnership with the Institute for Migration Studies at the Lebanese American University (Lebanon), the International Institute of Social Studies at the Erasmus University in Rotterdam (Netherlands) and the Lebanese Centre for Human Rights (CLDH). Funded by Gerda Henkel Foundation (2024-2026)

While three out of four refugees are hosted in low- or middle-income countries, European countries continue to externalize their protection responsibilities to neighbouring countries, such as Lebanon and Turkey, which face stark economic and political challenges. REMOVED is an ethnographic study of the spatial and temporal dimensions of the principle of non-refoulement in Lebanon and Turkey. This legal concept stipulates that no person can be sent back to a country where they risk being subjected to inhumane or degrading treatment.

The REMOVED research project empirically interrogates the principles of non-refoulement by approaching removal infrastructures as part of the multi-scalar entanglements of authorities, institutions and norms. Through interviews, observations and case studies, REMOVED generates empirical insights into removal practices and experiences in Lebanon and Turkey. Resisting binary distinctions between voluntary and forced returns, the project conceptualizes disparate mobility control practices, such as obliged returns, repatriations and (re-)entry controls, pushbacks, pullbacks, and deportations, jointly as removals.

The study of removal infrastructures opens new theoretical horizons for the study of refugee returns and migration governance in three ways. First, the project examines removal practices beyond the mere implementation of laws and policies, highlighting thus the importance of non-legal norms. Second, the project examines the role of a broad range of frontline border workers, meaning all actors in positions of authority who are in direct contact with Syrians, highlighting thus also the roles played by non-state actors and mundane practices of control. Third, the project examines possible conflicts over spatial power, highlighting thus the emergence of new scales in migration governance.

Principal investigators:

• Jill Alpes (executive PI)
• Zeynep Kaşlı

Advisory Board Members:

• Roger Asfar (Editor in Chief and Researcher - Taadudiya platform.)
• Xiang Biao (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology)
• Jasmin Lilian Diab (Lebanese American University)
• Nefise Ela Gökalp-Aras (Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul)
• Nadia Hardman (personal capacity)
• Lea Müller-Funk (University for Continuing Education Krems)
• Maissam Nimer (Özyeğin University)
• Nicolas Puig (French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development)
• Matthieu Rey (Institut français du Proche-Orient)
• Zeynep Şahin-Mencütek (Bonn International Center for Conflicts Studies)
• Stephanie Schwartz (London School of Economics and Political Science)
• Nora Stel (Radboud University)

Commissioned and funded by the CAMEALEON Consortium of the Norwegian Refugee Council in Lebanon

This study addresses a critical gap in understanding the accessibility and inclusiveness of cash assistance programs for people with disabilities (PWDs) in Lebanon. Despite the significance of cash and social protection (SP) transfers in supporting vulnerable populations, there is limited comprehensive and recent research on the barriers faced by PWDs in accessing these programs. These barriers may include physical, communication, and attitudinal challenges, all of which hinder equitable participation. Additionally, the intersectional impacts of gender, age, nationality, and the severity and types of disabilities remain underexplored, leaving significant questions about how these factors shape access to and outcomes of social protection measures and cash and voucher assistance (CVA) programs. This study seeks to examine whether current CVA and SP programs are appropriate, relevant, accessible, and sustainable, particularly from the perspective of PWDs.

The study adopts a qualitative approach to assess how well CVA and SP schemes meet the unique needs of PWDs, regardless of their nationality. A key focus is on understanding the unmet needs and challenges PWDs face, as well as exploring how intersectional factors such as gender, age, and the severity of disability influence their experiences. To ensure that the voices of PWDs are central to the research, a beneficiary-based participatory approach will be employed.

The study population includes Lebanese and Syrian PWDs, both those enrolled in CVA programs and those who are not. For participants under the age of 18 or with cognitive or communicative impairments that make independent communication difficult, caregivers will be interviewed. The research aims to reach 64–80 participants through 16 focus groups, each comprising 4–5 individuals. By centering the perspectives of PWDs and their caregivers, the study will provide vital insights into the barriers and needs of this population, offering practical recommendations for designing more inclusive and accessible cash assistance and social protection programs in Lebanon.

In partnership with the Center for Immigrant, Refugee and Global Health at the City University of New York

The research examines gender-based violence (GBV) among Syrian refugee women in Tripoli and Akkar in North Lebanon. The fragile, humanitarian settings of Tripoli and Akkar remain neglected by the central government and disconnected from the capital of Beirut. This has resulted in a lack of research on the impact of GBV on Syrian refugee women in North Lebanon. This study uses a life course approach as a theoretical framework to examine how socioeconomic status, healthcare access and education act as “insults” to the study population’s health, resulting in GBV as a disparity among Syrian refugee women. The qualitative research data collection methods and analysis include key-informant interviews with stakeholders and in-depth interviews with Syrian refugee women in Tripoli and Akkar. This study will help provide a comprehensive contextual understanding of the GBV ecology in North Lebanon. The results from the qualitative data collected will help create a GBV system map for Tripoli and Akkar. A range of stakeholders, including Syrian refugee women and other community members, will be able to use this map to access GBV resources and unravel barriers and gaps in GBV access. The aim is to introduce tangible changes to the safety and well-being of Syrian refugee women in North Lebanon. The map will serve as a living document that stakeholders and community members can regularly update to advocate for enhanced GBV services, policy and practice in the region.

Funded by the Robert P. Larsen Grant for Research in Career Development; in partnership with the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

While the majority of displaced refugees are hosted in low to middle-income countries, scant literature on refugee adjustment investigates their working conditions in countries with copious resources where the labor market is more easily accessible. Addressing this gap, this study examines how various employment barriers influence general and work adjustments and subsequently resettlement outcomes. This study also proposes that career adaptability can serve as an individual-level resource that enables working refugees to cope with changes and transitions by acquiring and developing new capabilities. Moreover, this study combines a mixed methods approach where it surveys 200 refugees living in Lebanon and one family member. It also conducted 50 interviews to learn more about their daily struggles in the labor market and how they shape their identity. In relation to the analysis, Structural Equation Modeling will be used to assess the significance of these relationships. This study expects employment barriers to negatively affect the adjustment process of refugees and thereafter negatively influence resettlement outcomes. Yet, this study believes career adaptability will mitigate the detrimental effects that employment barriers inflict on refugees’ adjustment.

Palestinian refugees in Lebanon face numerous structural restrictions that are all-encompassing, impacting the political, economic, social and humanitarian spheres of their lives. The systematic restrictions imposed on Palestinians are one of the main causes of the social exclusion and marginalization Palestinians suffer from. Moreover, most Palestinians in Lebanon live in dire conditions, in overcrowded, marginalized and economically depressed camps; the image that resides in the Lebanese collective consciousness is a negative one. Evidence points to the fact that prejudice, discrimination and social exclusion have a negative effect on the social functioning of individuals, which can result in lowered self-esteem and an inadequate, general sense of personal identity, especially in adolescents and emerging adults. Thus, this research aims to explore how Palestinian adolescents and emerging adults living in Lebanon develop their sense of self and self-identity in the context of social exclusion, discrimination and marginalization. The study also aims to explore coping mechanisms used by Palestinians to survive social exclusion, stigma, marginalization and negative stereotypes. To achieve this, the research will focus on the Mar Elias and Burj Al Barajneh camps.

In partnership with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

The main aim of this research project is to evaluate the implementation and impact of the peer support group (PSG) strategy for people living with diabetes and/or hypertension in a humanitarian setting in Lebanon. The project aims to build a more coherent system of Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) prevention, care and support for Syrian refugees and Lebanese host communities, focusing on capacity-building at the health center and community level. The project has three main pillars: 1) community-level prevention; 2) access to healthcare; and 3) advocacy, research and partner engagement. The project will employ two complementary implementation modalities for scale-up: a comprehensive and integrated model of prevention, screening, treatment and care in four Lebanese Red Cross (LRC) primary healthcare centers (PHCs) targeting Baalbek, Qob Elias, Jal El Dib, and Tripoli, in addition to a lighter model, scaling up community-based NCD approaches through awareness and sensitization, including psychosocial support in additional eight locations where LRCs mobile medical units and social workers are active. The comprehensive and integrated model will also include peer-support groups for diabetes and hypertension patients in the selected centers. Youth-focused approaches for promoting healthy lifestyles and NCD awareness will be included as components in both models, targeted in six locations. 

Awarded the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Studies Seed Grant Award from Brown University; in partnership with the Center for Immigrant, Refugee and Global Health at the City University of New York.

Lebanon’s healthcare system’s structure and modes of operation cast a blind eye upon refugees’ specific challenges and needs. It not only remains highly privatized but also involves a number of exclusionary practices across private and public sectors. This reality, coupled with political agendas, partisan politics, clientelism and an overall lack of transparency at the level of public administration, gives private health providers substantial amounts of subjective influence – and more importantly, the authority to be exclusionary. In light of the aforementioned, private healthcare facilities, UN agencies, international humanitarian organizations and local NGOs continue to shape refugees’ access to healthcare and health-related services along with (tele)mental health support. While becoming increasingly difficult amid limited access to resources, efforts to enhance the provision of healthcare services to Syrian refugees in Lebanon have mainly been a collaboration between the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and local and international humanitarian organizations. Despite the fact that there are more than two hundred primary healthcare facilities in Lebanon where refugees are able to receive subsidized treatment, medication and vaccinations, access to these facilities remains challenging amid fears over crossing checkpoints, issues with residency paperwork and concerns over deportation or detention. The research aims to explore how gender identity has impacted access to healthcare services for the Syrian refugee community since 2019  with a specific focus on women and members of the LGBTIQ+ community. More specifically, the research will explore how the country’s ongoing economic and financial crisis has impacted the health sector and the provision of health services to the refugee community in general, particularly in increasingly vulnerable regions in North Lebanon. The study focuses on the regions of Tripoli and Akkar – a selection rooted in the demographic compositions of these regions as two of the most refugee-dense in Lebanon, as well as their social and political significance.

Read the full study here.

Awarded the Williams Institute LGBT Small Grant Award from the University of California, Los Angeles; in partnership with MOSAIC MENA. 

Over the past decade, more than 1.5 million Syrian refugees have fled to Lebanon at an unprecedented rate. With a total population approaching four million people, Lebanon presently hosts the highest number of refugees per capita in the world. Lebanon’s social, political, economic and legal landscapes cast a blind eye upon refugees’ intersectional challenges – particularly those from the LGBTIQ+ community. LGBTQI+ refugees in Lebanon continue to endure extreme forms of violence, discrimination, stigmatization and isolation in the “safe” places they seek. In June 2022, Lebanon’s Minister of Interior gave “urgent” instructions to security forces to stop gatherings of the LGBTQI+ community, following what he referred to as “pressure from religious institutions.” Through key informant interviews and focus group discussions, MOSAIC and the Institute for Migration Studies (IMS) at the Lebanese American University will examine the different ways that the Ministry of Interior’s latest decision against the community, coupled with its already long-standing restrictions on the mobility/movement of the country’s refugee community, has added contributed to further insecurity within the LGBTIQ+ refugee community.

Read the full study here.

In partnership with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

Based on a survey carried out among Syrian refugees in Lebanon aged between the ages of 16 and 30, this study found that the priorities of Syrian refugee youth in the country were largely rooted in their socio-economic standing and that of their households. This ultimately serves as a push factor influencing their desire to leave the country and defend their rights. It also found that the compounded crises in Lebanon (economic, political, humanitarian and health) have profoundly impacted the identity, self-expression and psychosocial well-being of Syrian youth, as well as their ability to express themselves. In the current climate in Lebanon, questions surrounding refugee youth’s livelihoods, health and well-being have centered on the ongoing decline of the country’s economy, the worsening living conditions, as well as questions around migration, human rights and freedoms — particularly for the country’s young people. The crises have relegated young people’s voices, needs and priorities to the back seat, with essentially no government policies fostering or reinforcing their economic and political participation. Local NGOs, international humanitarian organizations and academic institutions have stepped up to fill this void. Essentially, there are no safe civic spaces for young people to voice their views, express themselves freely or integrate into a healthy society. Excluding Syrian refugees from national and formal systems increases their vulnerability, reduces their quality of life and limits their future plans. This study, therefore, demonstrates how national policies of exclusion, coupled with the Lebanese government’s strategic indifference towards the refugee communities it hosts, generate new forms of vulnerability and imbalances of power — namely between refugees and landlords, employers and local authorities who exploit refugees for their own gains. This study also highlights that the well-being of the refugee community depends strongly on their empowerment and their inclusion in legal structures/ service provision.

Access the study in English and Arabic.

In partnership with Egna Legna Besidet

In December 2020, the Lebanese Parliament passed the landmark Law 205 against sexual harassment which could see perpetrators spend up to four years in prison and pay fines up to fifty times the minimum wage. The law additionally affords protection to both the victims and any witnesses who testify against the accused. While the law was applauded as a step forward for sexual harassment victims, it excludes an important faction of the community — migrant domestic workers. The law falls short of international standards by addressing sexual harassment solely as a crime and neglecting to complement this law with labor law reforms, monitoring and civil remedies. This research focuses on the various forms of sexual violence either protected or enabled under the Kafala system. It aims to depict the incessant violations this type of system has produced. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 913 migrant domestic workers in Lebanon. A variety of multifaceted, mixed design methods were used to collect information during the write-up of this report, all of which are participatory, inclusive and target group sensitive where needed. These methods ensured that the findings were derived from a collective contribution from a wide range of target groups, triangulated and validated and that gender considerations were integrated into the data collection and analysis methods. Primarily, these methods included: (1) Desk/Policy Review and (2) In-Depth Key Informant Interviews. Whilst asked about whether or not they had survived at least one incident of sexual harassment during their employment or stay in Lebanon, 68% of respondents informed the study that they had. According to respondents, various forms of sexual harassment included: (1) inappropriate staring or leering in a sexual manner; (2) sexually suggestive comments/jokes/name-calling; (3) intrusive questions about your sex life/physical appearance that were offensive; (4) someone showing his/her private parts/half or fully-naked body offensively; (5) unwelcome touching, hugging, kissing or other inappropriate physical contact; (6) sexually explicit calls or messages; (7) repeated or inappropriate invitations to dates; (8) sexually explicit pictures, posters or other material; (9) actual or attempted rape or sexual assault; (10) video/photo taking of survivors of a sexual nature; (11) requests or pressure for sex or other sexual acts; and/or (12) other forms of sexual harassment. 56.2% of the sample (513 women) insisted that they had experienced at least one of the aforementioned forms of sexual assault, while 11.7% (107 women) confirmed that they had experienced sexual assault, but weren’t willing to describe their experiences in detail. The variety in nationality and race across the sample presented important findings pertaining to ill-treatment, fetishization and violence each group of women faced. In addition to an overall sense of racism experienced by black MDWs, hierarchy within the MDWs’ community presents itself in various forms at the early stages of recruitment at the agency. Undocumented MDWs are left powerless in terms of reporting sexual abuse and therefore, are at the mercy of the aggressor. Navigating the country’s legal, cultural and social landscapes without documentation or a legal residency permit has become increasingly difficult in recent years, as this has laid the foundation for exploitation and abuse in the areas of: (1) paying less than what MDWs deserve; (2) taking advantage of their legal standing to make them work longer hours; (3) threatening to report them to the authorities if they object; and (4) sexual harassment in all forms.

Read the full study here.

In collaboration with the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund University

The research project aims to develop a model for understanding refugee decision-making and consequently protection that allows for nuanced and quantifiable predictors of protection gaps, identification of vulnerable groups and predictors for secondary movement from Lebanon.